Ethical dilemmas Free Essays

Unique This paper investigates the lawful and physiological just as an instructors best measures to take incase of a crisis identifying with a mishandled lady who has an infant that could endure if the lady is additionally presented to the mischief she has been experiencing. Presentation Moral issues are balanced by struggle of moral codes and a patient’s intrigue. As per Hill, Glaser and Harden, a moral issue is a consequence of ‘no suitable strategy, since each game-plan clashes with a set code of morals all which uncover the leaders to dubious dangers (18-19). We will compose a custom article test on Moral quandaries or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now All things considered, the clinician or advisor needs to survey the best strategy, help and proposals to determine a case without uncovering both himself and the patient to dangers. For this situation, Jean is looked by a moral issue where she needs to gauge her choices without crushing her remedial relationship with Mary and her work. Jean needs to survey her expert codes, the conceivable legitimate ramifications and the client’s needs before leaving on discovering resolve. In spite of the fact that Mary is currently invested in the directing, it’s not satisfactory that she is so dedicated to the treatment, also, Mary is potentially too genuinely weakened that, she is confounded about positive determination. Mary’s from the beginning doesn’t need her concern to be uncovered, and furthermore, she is apprehensive her choices may result to additionally composition of her life, jeopardize her son and therefore open her to dangers. She has trusted in Jean and Jean has, through expert morals, to look for an appropriate philosophy of capturing Mary’s issue. As indicated by Hill, Glaser and Harden, moral thought which covers instinctive and intellectual degrees of thinking and conâ ­crete models for moral dynamic, and remarks supposedly arises as Mary wouldn't like to be realized that she is going to advising exercises most unquestionably by her significant other. Issues of in regards to the data and circumstance of the casualty secret is clashing with a lot of systems which would help resolve Mary’s case. As such some moral contemplations in favor of Jean are important in order to discover an answer and to all the more properly help Mary and the kid. Moral contemplations Jean has a commitment to defend regard for people. This means regarding the self-rule and self-assurance of the person in question. The setting of privacy emerges as the preeminent issue Jean is confronting. Mary is looking for review in any case; she is as yet unbending about projections which she needs to look in case of complete partition with her significant other. Most precisely, she is monetarily incapable henceforth would prefer to endure further maltreatment than starve in the roads. From this point of view, Jean is confronting a significant moral predicament since she needs to assess the requirement for helping this lady while simultaneously; she stays quiet about her concern. This is an aftereffect of Mary’s uneasiness about the damaging social, physical, mental and legitimate results of disâ ­closing her experience. Her circumstance is described by unsteadiness, weakness, dread, reliance and loss of self-rule. Jean has an obligation to ensure the individuals who need independence, including giving security from mischief or misuse. Any lawful activity focused on Mary’s spouse will positively summon a stalemate which will additionally influence Mary. Mary has trusted in Jean and Jean’s obligation is to gauge and survey the choices most appropriate to help Mary moving forward without any more encroaching her physiological prosperity. Be that as it may, Jean has an increasingly significant job in her ability; she is presently depended with the government assistance of Mary and the kid in question (Nama Schwartz 2002). She has a job which incorporates limiting dangers and guaranteeing that benefits which Mary will get exceed dangers and outcomes which would hurt Mary and her kid. The youngster is another issue which Jean needs to morally consider. The kid has endured is as yet presented to both physical and physiological risks. Jean has an obligation to guarantee that, the youngster is secured and that she equally conveys the advantages of kid insurance without encroaching Mary’s physiological prosperity (Brasseur 2001).On this kid issue, research has demonstrated that both maternal melancholy and social misfortune lead to bargained social, subjective, and passionate results for newborn children (Murray Cooper, 1997), as such Jean has a colossal duty to help the kid too. Peruse likewise Ethical Dilemma â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross†Ã¢ by David Mamet Notwithstanding; Jean needs to gauge the obligation serious on the off chance that she helps the person in question. Her choices and inclusion in actualizing the best and succinct choices may result to extraordinary legitimate repercussions on her side (WHO 2007). As indicated by Nama and Schwartz, as a social laborer, Jean may end up going past her manager code of morals (6). Secrecy The setting of secrecy comes up when Mary admits her horrendous life and the touchy issue of the boy’s provocation. Jean has been advantaged by Mary as a friend paying little heed to her situation as a social laborer. Furthermore, Mary has affirmed that the kid is in incredible hazard if the dad keeps on being close to him. The requirement for trusting is to edge closer to reality with regards to both Mary’s and the baby’s condition and if the dad had in any capacity attacked or even explicitly ambushed the infant. This depends on the way that Mary needs the issue of the infant and the dad left well enough alone. Jean has an obligation to caution the patient of the looming risks of returning to her significant other and the resulting inevitabilities on the infant (143). The spouse may be progressively brutal and as he is utilized to, beat her and misuse the kid. Jean should, survey and archive Mary’s issues and advise the obligated specialists. Along these lines, the standards of the act of educated assent won’t put Jean at a danger of arraignments since if ‘the clients’ wellbeing is endangered, Mary gambled with her assent completely mindful of the suggestions as prompted by Jean (Bednar et al., 1991). As per Hill, Glaser and Harden, ‘the insurance of Mary overshadows Mary consenting to treatment in this crisis circumstance (143). Tending to the issues From the beginning, Jean should record Mary’s case and educate the facilitator regarding the hindering issue. Along these lines she will have the option to introduce trustworthy proof about Mary’s case to any referral or during guiding. Archiving Mary’s case is the underlying advance to address the issue. This, she ought to do in a way that wont hazard the secrecy of the people in question. She should make accessible the essential consideration Mary and the youngster need. This she ought to do at the most punctual comfort even before Mary tells away any further issues she is confronting. Jean has just surveyed the prompt results of previous treatment and since Mary’s conduct reacâ ­tion to the current circumstance is possibly destructive to herself and the infant. In the event that help isn't offered promptly, she needs to make whatever strides are important to guarantee no damage comes to Mary and the infant (Bednar et al). In that capacity, Jean needs to secure the privacy to guarantee the child and the moms are protected just as herself (WHO, 2001). Jean should think about that the victim’s physical wellbeing is the most significant advance; as such she ought not permit Mary to leave the office at all until a purpose is found. Likewise, she should ensure the secrecy of the casualty remains organized. Each settle she uses ought to be planned for diminishing any conceivable caused to Mary. The infant ought to be given all important kid insurance comforts and remained careful. This ought to be organized to turn away Mary’s nonsensicalness from taking extraordinary passionate cost for the infant. These activities will protect both the mother and infant. Discussion There is a pressing requirement for Jean to talk with applicable specialists about the issue of the spouse. This depends on an instinctive and the basic evaluative degrees of good thinking as contended by Kitchener (1984). This will assist Jean with having a foundation and a foreword on what Mary needs in treatment and on the off chance that, she Jean, is competent or can't, founded on a psychological assessment of the certainty part of the case, keep on advising Mary. This will expeditiously prompt talking with another advisor to support Mary. Jean needs to account if the psychological and judicious reprieves are useful for both the subjects and herself, and if, in her point of view, would they befit her (Hill, Glaser and Harden, 12). Through conference Jean can have the option to recognize a superior treatment. She and the associate can rethink the information Jean has gathered about the patient and concocted a progressively conclusive purpose. The new purpose may influence Mary and break the morals of secrecy, however they are compelling and would result to helping Mary unequivocally. Not to respect the client’s decision without convincing reasons would comprise a paternalistic reaction from the Jean (Hill, Glaser and Harden, 25). The contemplations here should target ensuring more advantages and less damage came to Mary thoughtfully paying little heed to her recognition. Jean will proceed to assess and counsel about the case to discover progressively fitting purposes in head. To talk with somebody and record the interview if all else fails is an obligatory practice which Jean ought not disregard. Discussion is obligatory since the circumstance includes physical damage to both Mary and the infant and dangers and circumâ ­stances in which misuse is helpless (Hill, Glaser and Harden, 25). Obligation Jean Is currently bound in head as the watchman to Mary. She needs to catch up the case and ensure that Mary’s treatment con

THE EXTENDED FAMILY A SOURCE OF STRENGTH AND HOPE essays

THE EXTENDED FAMILY A SOURCE OF STRENGTH AND HOPE expositions THE EXTENDED FAMILY: A SOURCE OF STRENGTH AND HOPE In his books Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck caught the truth of the battles that struck humanity in various structures and in different levels as he had seen during his lifetime. Steinbeck watched predominantly Californians and vagrants who had experienced destitution and pain brought to them by the Depression and the Dust Bowl, the residue storm that carried dry season to the Great Plains during 1932 to 1939. He started to compose books to identify with and support the numerous oppressed individuals whom he had viewed. Steinbeck recommended a technique for solace and help to the individuals who were distant from everyone else and enduring; he talked about the criticalness that a more distant family has in giving its constituents the solidarity to adapt to their financial uncertainties and social issues. Because of the Dust Bowl and the Depression that hit the United States in the thirties, numerous Oklahomans encountered an abrupt deserting from their landowners. Since most Oklahomans were ranchers, many were left jobless once they were commenced their property. For endurance, this monetary fiasco brought about two distinct instances of responses: that of Muley Graves and that of the Joads. Steinbeck presented a character, Muley Graves, who turned into a bum since he was excessively connected to the land to leave and too free to even consider abiding with his family that had left, venturing out to California. Too difficult to even consider budging, Muley just glared, If they distract me, Ill return... I aint a goin...An I aint a-going while at the same time remanding behind by the land that not, at this point was under his family control or domain, eating wild creatures to endure. Be that as it may, an alternate attitude of the ranchers was appeared through the Joads. At the point when their property was removed, for endurance, Joads didn't stop for a second to leave their territory without a moment's delay: their homes were left empty on th... <!

3 Christmas Gifts from The Minimalists

3 Christmas Gifts from The Minimalists Merry Christmas, and happy holidays! Whichever holiday you celebrate (or even if you don’t celebrate at all), we have three gifts for you: 3 Gifts from The Minimalists Free Book. Last week we published the second edition of Minimalism: Live a Meaningful Life. And now, as our gift to you, you can read it for free: download the free PDF here. If youd prefer the paperback, audiobook, or a different ebook version, you can still purchase those here. New Podcast. Surprise! The Minimalists Podcast will officially launch in January 2016, but you can download our special first episode today on iTunes, or you can stream it on Soundcloud. And be sure subscribe to the podcast on iTunes, or wherever you get your podcasts, if youd like to hear future episodes. Online Meetups. Were also answering questions live on our weekly video broadcast: join us on Periscope every Tuesday at 7 PM EST until the end of January 2016, or post your questions on social media using our hashtag #AskTheMinimalists. If you missed yesterdays video, you can watch it up to 24 hours after the broadcast. (You can also meet like-minded folks in our free Local Meetup Groups at Minimalist.org. What a great way to start 2016!) 3 Gifts for The Minimalists If you find value in our work and would like to give us a gift, please consider any of the following (all of which we find meaningful): Review. If you enjoy the new edition of Minimalism: Live a Meaningful Life, would you be willing to review it on Amazon? Doing so will help us improve the books overall rating. Rate. If you like our new podcast, would you be willing to rate it on iTunes? Your review will help our message reach new sets of ears. Contribute. The old saying is true: ’tis better to give than to receive. So we’d be remiss if we didn’t discuss the gift of giving. A few months ago Ryan donated his birthday to help build a family-style orphanage in Honduras. Good newsâ€"were halfway to our goal! Perhaps youd be willing to help us get all the way there: if you have any extra holiday cash, would you consider donating a few bucks to help build a home for this group of orphans? Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Altruism - Definition in the Study of Sociology

Definition: Altruism is the tendency to see the needs of others as more important than one’s own and to therefore be willing to sacrifice for others. In one of his major books (Suicide) Emile Durkheim saw altruism as the basis for patterns of suicide in some societies in which people might identify so strongly with a group or community that they would readily sacrifice themselves to protect its interests or to uphold its traditions.

Analysis Of The Book Portrait Of The Artist - 978 Words

Ovid’s Metamorphoses, having no set plot may at first confuse some readers, though it starts with creation, it moves on the practices involving Gods and mortals and the changes they incur. The stories seem to follow each other in time, but there are flashback’s that show Ovid is not concerned with the nebulas of time, instead he is showing the transformation’s the characters go through. Passage of time is not Ovid’s point, but as he put in the mouth of Pythagoras, the only constant in the universe is change. Ovid’s character’s changes are usually immediate, Athena changed Talos to a partridge, Daphne was transformed into a laurel tree, and Echo, well was turned into an echo. There is often a discontinuity of time, we know Echo wasted away, but how long that took is not important the theme is, the often lack of the restraints of time is what makes mythology so easy to relate for any era. James Joyce in his novel, Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man, ties his story with the semblances of mythology from the story of Daedalus and Icarus, fusing the ideas that discovery, sacrifice and rebellion is a process needed to be an artist. Though Daedalus and Icarus are from a mythical time and Stephen is living in a specific time during Dublin’s history, all characters are faced with the struggles of existence, self-discovery, and learning how to deal with one’s own need for artistic freedom and the disadvantages such gifts may pose. The path that each undergo, either byShow MoreRelatedThe Arnolfini Wedding Portrait: Interpretations856 Words   |  4 PagesJan van Eyck’s work, The Arnolfini Portrait, is a famous piece of Flemish portraiture with a lively history of interpretation (Hall xviii). Most interpretations of the work hinge upon the symbolism found in the iconography of the work, while others rely upon the presumption that the work is nothing but masterfully rendered naturalism, while still oth ers apply various modern art history methodologies. In this paper I will provide a brief survey of the leading interpretations and methods that haveRead More James Joyce Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pages Ireland, dominated both political and economically by Britain and religiously by the Catholic Church caused Joyce to regard them as quot;the two imperialismsquot; (Attridge P. 34). Roman Catholicism is an integral aspect of the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. In 1917, the English novelist H.G. Wells in a review of the novel in the New Republic wrote, quot;by far the most living and convincing picture that exists of an Irish Catholic upbringing.quot; Joyces focus on betrayal wasRead MoreHans Holbein, the Ambassadors1554 Words   |  7 PagesHans Holbein The Ambassadors #10086;Introduction The Ambassadors is one of the most complex and arguably portrait which Holbein had painted. The purpose of this report is to analyze Han Holbein fs painting,  gThe Ambassadors h. The main task of this report is to uncover the meaning of this painting, as it still remains unclear. Firstly, I will give a short introduction about the painter. Then, I will examine the characteristics of the people and the objects in the painting. Lastly, I willRead More Hans Holbein, The Ambassadors Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pages Hans Holbein The Ambassadors amp;#10086;Introduction The Ambassadors is one of the most complex and arguably portrait which Holbein had painted. The purpose of this report is to analyze Han Holbein?fs painting, ?gThe Ambassadors?h. The main task of this report is to uncover the meaning of this painting, as it still remains unclear. Firstly, I will give a short introduction about the painter. Then, I will examine the characteristics of the people and the objects in the painting. Lastly, I willRead MoreOn Painting Summary and Analysis, Leon Battista Alberti Essay788 Words   |  4 PagesOn painting Summary and Analysis The selection from Leon Battista Alberti’s On painting is mainly divided into 5 paragraphs numbered 25 through 29. Just as the title suggests, the text deals with the art of painting and its virtues. It talks about the benefits painting offers to the artist and why they are valuable, as well as showing the importance a work of art gives to the object being painted. While referring to many examples in history, Alberti also compares painting to the other â€Å"crafts†Read MoreVincent Van Gogh Sensitivity1558 Words   |  7 PagesVincent Van Gogh is now one of the most famous and influential artists of all time; however, he spent hard times as a poor and obscure artist during his lifetime. The fact that Vincent Van Gogh sold only one painting during his brief life supports the fact that he struggled in obscurity and with his identity for a long time. Most of all, there is a significant fact that Vincent Van Gogh was prone to reflecting his sensitivity in his works, and to painting places that had personal meaning. His landmarkRead MoreI Look At The Painting By Angelica Kauffmann1439 Words   |  6 Pagesof shade on the left hand side of the portrait. The use of shading shows the viewer that the sun is coming into the picture from the upper left hand side of this piece of art. All of these items are characteristics of paintings completed during the Neoclassical Period. Angelica was taught the importance of the arts at a young age. Her mother taught her the love of music, while her father trained her in the visual arts. When her father first gave her a book with blank paper she would sketch theRead MoreEssay about Virginia Woolf1250 Words   |  5 PagesWoolf is not unlike any other truly good artist: her writing is vague, her expression can be inhibited, and much of her work is up to interpretation from the spectator. Jacob’s Room is one of her novels that can be hard to digest, but this is where the beauty of the story can be found. It is not written in the blatant style of the authors before her chose and even writers today mimic, but rather Jacob’s Room appears more like a written painting than a book. It is as if Woolf appeared tired and boredRead MoreA Study On The s Las Meninas ( The Maids Of Honor )1595 Words   |  7 Pagesgiving a book to the Sufi Shaikh, a religious figure, while those below him are the Ottoman Sultan t and King James I of England. The piece exhibits the choice by Jahangir to give the book to the religious figure rather than the political figures depicted. This stresses the importance of religion at the time it was painted, and the idea that those with religious standing would rise above those of mere political power. The painting is arguably â€Å"the most ‘European’ of all Jahangiri portraits (Singh)Read MoreUsing Art As A Platform For Emotional Release Of Traumatic Life Experiences2935 Words   |  12 PagesUsing art as a platform for emotional release of traumatic life experiences was not a very common concept among artist. While many artist used their canvases to express religious beliefs, social realism, desires, etc., Frida Kahlo’s work was an autobiography of her life. Kahlo’s paintings served as an open book into the traumatic and emotional life experiences that shaped her as an artist. Of these many experiences and events was her marriage to Mexican art muralist Diego Rivera. Kahlo’s paintings

Effects of Globalisation on Brazil Free Essays

Discuss the impact of globalisation on Brazil: Orientation: Globalisation refers to the integration between different countries and economies and the increased impact of international influences on all aspects of life and economic activity. Brazil is one of the fastest growing economies and superpower of South America. In the recent decade Globalisation has allowed Brazil’s economy to sustain stable economic growth, this was proven when Brazil experienced a very mild recession during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Globalisation on Brazil or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the high levels of economic growth as well as increases in GNI per Capita Brazil’s government has also been able to implement successful macroeconomic policies that have allowed for consistent economic development. Though Brazil has benefited greatly from Globalisation they also have experienced many problems including the currency crises in the 1980-90’s which caused the country to undergo a complete economic restructure. Brazil also faces problems with environmental deconstruction that due to globalisation that are yet to be solved. Globalisation impact on Brazil Economically: Brazil’s failure to embrace Globalisation in the 1960’s 1970’s and 1980’s caused Brazil to be unable to fund its foreign debt and ultimately experience a currency crisis in the early 1980’s. Through the 1960’s and 1970’s successive governments sought to create a large industrial base and minimise Brazil’s dependency on imported manufactured goods. Brazil relied on foreign debt borrowing to fund this industrialisation movement but rather than increasing its economic integration the purpose of this industrialisation was for Brazil to become less heavily dependent on imports and more self sufficient; reducing reliance on the global economy and going against principals of globalisation in becoming more integrated. Due to large amount of foreign debt and Brazil’s inability to service this debt due to small amounts of export revenue Brazil’s debt servicing ratio reached 102% and, unable to service the debt Brazil’s currency depleted. For Brazil this outcome was among the most undesirable impacts of globalisation as it caused extreme volatility in Brazil’s exchange rate. From 1980 due to Brazil’s inability to repay debt, the Brazilian economy experience many exchange rate crises due to concerns that Brazil could not meet the debt repayments; this caused extreme inflation of over 1000%. Inflation was due to the rising cost of imports for Brazil as currency value fell sharply. In order to prevent/reduce the occurrence of extreme currency fluctuation and extreme inflation Brazil adopted the ‘Real Plan’ strategy in which a new currency known as the ‘real would be pegged 1 to 1 against the US dollar to control inflation. However this had to be abandoned as the currency had to once again be floated as investors pulled out of Brazil in the wake of the East Asian financial crisis which spread to other developing nations. Brazil now continues to floats the currency relies on strong values of exports, keeping foreign debt low and consistent economic growth in order to reduce fluctuating currency. Brazil has also established a currency reserve to buy back currency and increase its price if financial speculation causes to fall to low. After embracing globalisation, Economically Brazil has greatly benefited from Globalisation as foreign direct investment (DFI) flows have allowed Brazil to become competitive in the world market. Brazil receives the highest level of FDI inflows in Latin American and the 5th highest in the world; this has led to sustained economic growth and greater economic stability. Investment by transnational corporations has helped Brazil develop telecommunications, chemical, pharmaceutical, automotive and mechanical industries. After FDI inflows falling to only 345million in 1986 due to lack of confidence in Brazil’s ability to repay foreign debt, Brazil’s economic situation has been consistently improving as the government strategies for industrialisation were restructured with a movement more to funding industrialisation through FDI rather than borrowing from Foreign markets. In 1996 FDI inflows had increased to 11 Billion and in 2011 FDI inflows stood at their peak of 66 Billion US dollars. Through FDI inflows employment was created as transnational corporations such as L’Oreal and FIAT group began expanding into the Brazilian market. Lowered unemployment combined with reductions in income in-equality among the people of the Brazil provided sought after government revenue. This government revenue allowed for the Brazilian government to fund national activities in the areas of transportation, industry and trade as well as energy and mining which all helped in the growth of Brazils manufacturing industry. Growth of the manufacturing industry is now the largest contributor to Brazil’s exports comprising of 45%. The manufacturing industry and other large industries that contribute to Brazils exports have allowed for Brazil to increase GDP levels from 385Million in 1980 to 2. 4 Trillion in 2010. Due to the efficiency of industries and economic growth, globalisation also allowed for sustained economic stability to also be achieved. This was made evident during the 2008-09 Global Financial crises where due to the integration of financial markets across the world many markets entered large recessions and therefore loss of confidence for investment Brazil only experienced a mild recession of -0. 6% growth in 2009. From this recession however growth soared to 7% the following year as market confidence was immediately restored with FDI inflows bouncing back from the reduced amount of $26 Billion to $49 Billion the following year, almost doubling. It is clear that in Brazil’s ability to embrace FDI inflows and investment by transnational corporations have allowed Brazil to form and specialise in competitive industries such as the manufacturing industry. These industries then have the ability to sell the produced product to a world demand that has been created through improvements in technology and the breaking down of trade barriers, which are all effects of globalisation. Globalisation effect on Brazil Socially: Globalisation has also significantly affected Brazil socially. Investment into the country as well as demand for Brazil’s exported goods and services have allowed Brazil to substantially reduce income inequality and achieve economic development. As globalisation lifts economic growth rates in the Brazilian economy, it also raises the income levels of society and provides the government with greater amounts of revenue. After the Brazilian government received higher revenue due to increases in the country’s GDP, the government’s aim was to increase the quality of life among the people of Brazil, reducing poverty, increasing education level and increasing health and life expectancy. Programs such as the Fome Zero (zero hunger) program was widely regarded as one of the most successful government funded programs. It provided 11. 4 Million of Brazil’s poorest family’s sufficient income to be able to sustain basic needs in life. The policy was one of many that aimed or the government to reduce inequality by margining income distribution payments. Brazil has also achieved a substantial degree of progress in the economic development due to economic growth of the country through principles of globalisation. Through improvements in the government’s health care system as well as reduction in the cost of medicine as Brazilian companies begin producing pharmaceutical products of their own Brazil rank on the HDO increased from 0. 68 in 1980 to 0. 699 in 2010, mainly reflecting improvements in health care and income levels. Conversely, Brazil is still neglecting the significant problems that globalisation has cause to the natural environment. As Brazil is still as a majority a low income country it is desperate to obtain as much foreign investment as possible in order to earn higher export revenue; because of this is engages in some economic behaviour that harms the environment. For Brazil this environment destruction occurs in the form of large scale deforestation that Brazil undertakes mainly for paper and wood chips but as well as government income received through selling rainforest/forest land. Not only does this practice allow for foreign investors to have rights to Brazils agricultural land but is also causes for many species of plants and animals to become extinct and many rainforest plants hold value due to undiscovered possible medicinal purposes. Due to the large scale deforestation that Brazil undertakes, Brazil is now the 4th largest emitter of carbon emissions in the world. The High carbon emissions add to the most serious environmental problem of the 21st century which is climate change. In order to reduce this environmental destruction Brazil committed in 2009 to reduce deforestation by 80% by 2020. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Brazil has become a large beneficiary of globalisation. Brazil is attracting more foreign investment, expanding its own businesses offshore, enjoying strong sustained growth in exports, in particular in the resources sector, and government policies have been effective in making sure that the macroeconomic successes of recent years are resulting in improvements in living standards for the people of Brazil. How to cite Effects of Globalisation on Brazil, Papers

Diana Baumrind free essay sample

Baumrind is a clinical and developmental psychologist that specializes in parenting styles. Baumrind was born on August 23, 1927 in a small Jewish community in New York City; she was the first of two daughters born to Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Baumrind earned a B. A. in philosophy at Hunter College in 1948. She later received her M. A. and Ph. D. in Psychology at the University of California, Berkley; she studied developmental, clinical, and social psychology. Her doctoral dissertation was entitled â€Å"Some personality and situational determinants of behavior in a discussion group† Baumrind completed a clinical residency at the Cowell Memorial Hospital/Kaiser Permanente and was a fellow under the NIMH grant investigating therapeutic change, extending her research to families and therapy groups. By 1960 Baumrind was a clinical and developmental psychologist at the Institute of Human Development at the University of California, Berkeley. She is well known for her research on parenting styles and for her critique of deception in psychological research. She has been awarded multiple national grants over a 40-year career devoted to family socialization and parenting research. Baumrind is the author of 58 articles in journals or as book chapters, as well as three books and monographs. She has also served as an editor and consultant to numerous professional journals and has been an esteemed member of multiple national psychology organizations (Berkley University). Diana Baumrind had many different influences that directed her studies in psychology, including personal influences, historical influences, as well as influences from other psychologist. One personal influence on Baumrind’s research is the fact that she was divorced and a single mother of three daughters. She chose a research career that was supported by multiple large grants because of the flexible hours help her to balance caring for her daughters, political activism, and scholarship. Also having raising three children alone could cause one to evaluate different parenting styles in the search of trying to do what is best for the children (Kemp, 1997). The historical factor that influenced Baumrind’s research is that when she started graduate school in 1948 there was huge turmoil of the loyalty oath controversy of 1948-1949 that led to the legal battle of Tolman vs. Underhill. This historical even may had some effect on the focus of Baumrind’s research because Tolman was a senior professor at the University of California and his refusal to sign the oath resulted in a uproar at the time that could have effected many of the students that attended the university but mainly Baumrind because Tolman was in the psychology department. Another influence on Baumrind’s research was Stanley Milgram’s 1963 study of obedience to authority. Milgram’s study had a great effect on Baumrind; she was highly critical of Milgram’s study. Baumrind challenged Milgram on whether he had properly protected the welfare of the participants. She used direct quotes from Milgram’s original report to illustrate the lack of regard she said was shown to the participants. In particular she noted the detached manner in which Milgram described the emotional turmoil experienced by the volunteers (Baumrind, 1964). In Baumrind’s view, and in the view of numerous others, the levels of anxiety experienced by participants were enough to warrant halting the experiment. Milgram related his study to the behavior of people who worked in Nazi death camps and suggested that his study illuminated the way that ordinary people living ordinary lives are capable of playing a part in destructive and cruel acts. Baumrind dismissed this justification for the study and suggested there are few, if any, parallels between the behavior in the study and the behavior in the death camps. (Baumrind, 1964). Baumrind went on to publish an influential commentary on research ethics. Baumrind has continued to address ethical issues in research on humans through consultation with the American Psychological Association and published work. As we can see Milgram’s study greatly influenced Baumrind and she was sure to use ethical measures when performing her own research on humans. Baumrind was also greatly influenced by many teachers and professors, many who were closet Marxist who reinforced her social consciousness and strengthened her philosophical grounding in dialectical materialism. John Somerville, Bernard Frank Riess, and Otto Klineberg influenced Baumrind. Their research on selective migration and racial stereotypes challenged American racism and eugenics programs greatly influenced her, Klinebergian cross-cultural sensitivity permeates Baumrind’s writing on ethical theory and moral development. These three people influence her my allowing her to engage and intellectual conversation about philosophy and ethical topics that resulted in Baumrind conducting her own studies and becoming a political activist (Baumrind, 1998). Research from other psychologist also influenced Baumrind. Baumrind was influenced by the research of Theodore Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson and Nevit Sanford on anti-Semitism and the authoritarian personality. The teaching of Egon Brunswik who impressed upon her the importance of idiographic research also influenced her. The conformity research of Krech and Crutchfield also influenced her (Kurtines, 1992). Each of these different influences can be seen through different research projects and works of Diana Baumrind. Baumrind utilized something she learned from each of her influences to become the amazing psychologist she is today. Baumrind’s work on parenting styles is probably her most famous and important research. Back in the early 1960s, Baumrind conducted her famous childcare research. In her stuffy she and her research team followed more than 100 middle class children of preschool-age Baumrind’s primary research methods were interviews and observation. The aim of her child parent behavior study was to formulate and evaluate the effect of most typical Western parenting styles. The three parenting styles studied were the authoritarian parenting style, the permissive parenting style, and the authoritative parenting style. Her findings were ground breaking and the time and have since been subject to both academic acclaim and criticism. In her study Baumrind used two aspects of parenting to evaluate and from her data the 3 parenting styles were defined in relation to those two elements. The two elements that she evaluated were parental responsiveness vs. parental unresponsiveness and parental demandingness vs. parenting undemandingness. Baumrind describes responsiveness as â€Å"the extent to which parents intentionally foster individuality, self-regulation, and self-assertion by being attuned, supportive, and acquiescent to children’s special needs and demands† (Baumrind, 1991). This is basically how much the parent’s responds to their child’s needs and if they meet their child’s needs. Baumrind described demandingness, as â€Å"the claims parents make on children to become integrated into the family whole, by their maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and willingness to confront the child who disobeys† (Baumrind, 1991). Demandingness could also be described as the parents control over the child. It is the level of behavior control the parents exercise on their kids based on their expectations of â€Å"mature† behavior. The authors investigated the effects of preschool patterns of parental authority on adolescent competence and emotional health and differentiated between confrontive and coercive power-assertive practices, which accounted in part for differential long-term effects of the preschool patterns (Baumrind, 2010). The objective of the exercise of parental authority is to maintain order in the family and to help with the responsibility of the parents to lead their child from a dependent infant to a independent, self-determining, self-regulated adult. The aim of the study was to investigate how preschool patterns of parental authority contribute to adolescents’ competence and emotional health (Baumrind, 2010). For this experiment the participants were 87 families initially studied when children were preschool students, with outcomes assessed during early adolescence. Families were drawn from Baumrind’s Family Socialization and Developmental Competence longitudinal program of research. Baumrind used observational and interview data to test hypotheses relating to preschool power-assertive practices and patterns of parental authority to children’s attributes as adolescents (Baumrind, 2010). The researchers used variable-centered analyses to investigate the differential effects of 5 oercive power-assertive practices that they hypothesized were authoritarian-distinctive and detrimental and 2 confrontive practices, behavioral control and normative spanking, that they hypothesized were neither authoritarian-distinctive nor detrimental (Baumrind, 2010). Diana Baumrind came up with three parenting styles authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. In the authoritarian parenting style, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow the rules set by the parents usually results in some sort of p unishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind the rules set for the children. If asked to explain, the parents might reply, â€Å"Because I said so. † These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents are obedience and status-oriented and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation (Baumrind, 1991). Praise and reward are potentially dangerous with this style because of the idea that they may lead to children becoming â€Å"too full of themselves† and consequently developing too much autonomy and straying off the â€Å"good† path. This parenting style has a great effect on the child. Children of authoritarian parents quickly learn to adjust to the parents’ expectations. They tend to willingly obey authorities they have accepted that they must follow the rules. These children are not used to making independent choices, taking full responsibility for themselves and they do not experiment with new ways of doing things or alternative ways of thinking. Research suggests that these children are not as socially â€Å"skilled† as children from different parenting styles. These children may also find it difficult to handle frustration and they are more likely to suffer from low self-esteem, anxiety and depression (Baumrind, 1996). In the authoritative parenting style, the parents establish rules that their children are expected to follow but the parents will explain why the rules are necessary. The parent encourages verbal give and takes and questions from the child. When the child fails to meet the expectations these parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Baumrind suggests that these parents â€Å"monitor and impact clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible and self-regulated as well as cooperative† (Bower, 1989). This parenting style enforces the parent’s perspective as an adult but also recognizes the child’s individual interest and special ways. This parent affirms the child’s present qualities but also sets standards for future conduct (Baumrind, 1967). Research suggest that because of the use of positive reinforcement along with logical and fair rules set in a caring manner the child will learn that behaving and following the rules is good and they will receive positive attention. This will help the child to develop social skills and emotional regulation. It is suggested that children from authoritative parents do well in school, are self confident and goal orientated (Baumrind, 1967). In the permissive style of parenting the parents are referred to as indulgent, having very few demands to make of their children. These parents do not discipline their children because they have low expectations of maturity and self-control. Baumrind suggests that permissive parents â€Å"are more responsive then they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation (Baumrind, 1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. This parent attempt to behave in an acceptant manner towards the child’s impulses, desires, and actions. The parent is not seen as an active agent responsible for shaping the child’s future behavior. Research suggests that the complete lack of limits, absence of authority figures and no consistent routines may lead to a sense of insecurity in the child. Because of the belief that the world is open to explore without limits the children of permissive parents are found to be more impulsive and involved in â€Å"problematic† behavior such as drug and alcohol use. These children may end up with high social skills, high self esteem and low levels of depression (Baumrind, 1966). Maccoby and Martin later added the neglectful or uninvolved parenting style. This parenting style is both low on responsiveness and low on demandingness and very little communication (Maccoby, 1992). These parents fulfill the child’s basic needs but they are usually detached and emotionally separated from their child’s life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. The children of neglectful or uninvolved parents have very low self-esteem. No attention makes them feel unimportant. They are less socially competent and they usually perform poorly in all domains (Maccoby, 1992). Baumrind’s results showed that adolescents whose parents were classified as directive, democratic, or authoritative when the adolescents were preschool students were competent and well adjusted relative to adolescents whose parents were classified as authoritarian, permissive, or disengaged. Adolescents from authoritarian families were notably incompetent and maladjusted. Variable centered analyses indicated verbal hostility and psychological control were the most detrimental of the authoritarian-distinctive coercive power-assertive practices (Baumrind, 1991). Severe physical punishment and arbitrary discipline were also authoritarian-distinctive and detrimental. Normal punishment and confrontive discipline were neither. Confrontive discipline and maturity demands contributed to authoritative parenting’s effectiveness, whereas normative physical punishment was neutral in its effects. The findings extend the consistently negative outcomes of authoritarian parenting and positive outcomes of authoritative parenting (Baumrind, 1991). Baumrind has also studied the effect of corporal punishment on children. She concluded that the mild spanking, in the context of authoritative parenting style, is unlikely to have a significant detrimental effect, if the one is careful to control other variables. Baumrind believes that mild corporal punishment per se does not increase the likelihood of bad outcomes. (Baumrind, 1996). Many of the issues Baumrind researched and the conclusion she made are very controversial. Due to her controversial topics Diana Baumrind research had influenced many other psychologist to look into parenting styles, not only to criticize her work but also to support it. Baumrind’s research had major influences on other psychologist and the field of psychology as a whole. Baumrind’s research that led to her development of parenting styles resulted in many other psychologist conducting research to further develop her research now we know how each parenting style effects children and how certain parenting styles can be utilized for aggression, academic achievement, attachment, etc. Two psychologist who were influenced by Baumrind are Maccoby and Martin. Baumrind had such a huge effect on these two that the furthered her theory by adding a fourth parenting style. The neglectful/uninvolved parenting style where the parents had very little demandingness, communication, and responsiveness. This was good discovery for the field of psychology because it allows families that didn’t fit into the other three categories to be placed (Maccoby, 1992). With these four parenting styles psychologist were able to come up with other hypothesis about the parenting styles and other influences in combination with parenting styles such as location, culture, background, etc. Psychologist such as Turiel furthered Baumrind research on the use and miss use of cultural construct. Turiel went even further by relating this to oppression and morality (Turiel, 1998). Rodriguez also furthered Baumrind studies by researching protective parents in first generation Latinos. Not only did Rodriguez look at it in a cultural since, parenting style was also made more specific to a protective parent. This study was great for the field of psychology because it allow us to see how parenting style varied in a Latino community specifically and it was all influenced by Baumrind previous work (Rodriguez, 2009). Bowlby another psychologist influenced by Baumrind used her studies on parenting style to study attachment. Bowlby believed that attachment characterized the human personality through out their like. The representations or working models that the child has a relationship are from his or her care giving experience. Hazan and Shaffer went on to explore Bowlby ideas of attachment but in a romantic relationship. They concluded that romantic love is a property of the attachment behavioral system as well as the motivational systems that given rise to care giving and sexuality. Although Baumrind did not have a direct influence on their research, she had an indirect influence (Shaffer, 2005). Baumrind research has led to many psychological discoveries that are now used to treat patients and to help parents with their style of parenting. In conclusion Diana Baumrind development as a psychologist in addition to her research and finding had lead to many benefits in the field of psychology. Diana Baumrind has identified 3 different ways of parenting and she studied out each style of parenting may effect the child. Her research influenced others to do research concerning parenting styles, which lead to the discovery of the fourth parenting style. Out of the four parenting styles, authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and neglectful Baumrind decided that the authoritative was the best form of parent and had the chance of resulting in the most stable and self-regulated child. Baumrind’s findings also influenced other psychologist to research these four parenting styles under specific culture backgrounds. Diana Baumrind has had a major effect on psychology her parenting style are used to help diagnose and treat patients as well as give parenting advice for parents who have their child’s best interest at heart. Diana Baumrind is very important to psychology.